The Strange Career of Jim Crow Essay example -- Civil Rights Movement

The Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, has been hailed as a book which shaped our views of the history of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather than immediately after the end of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Woodward examines personal accounts, opinions, and editorials from the eras as well as the laws in place at the times. He examines the political history behind the emergence of the Jim Crow laws. The Strange Career of Jim Crow gives a new insight into the history of the American South and the Civil Rights Movement. C. Vann Woodward’s The Strange Career of Jim Crow looks into the emergence of the Jim Crow laws beginning with the Reconstruction era and following through the Civil Rights Movement. Woodward contends that Jim Crow laws were not a part of the Reconstruction or the following years, and that most Jim Crow laws were in place in the North at that particular time. In the South, immediately after the end of slavery, most white southerners, especially the upper classes, were used to the presence and proximity of African Americans. House slaves were often treated well, almost like part of the family, or a favored pet, and many upper-class southern children were raised with the help of a ‘mammy’ or black nursery- maid. The races often mixed in the demi- monde, and the cohabitation of white men and black women were far from uncommon, and some areas even had spe... ...howing the true race relations throughout the south during that period. Jim Crow laws might not have been in effect and might have been though unnecessary by a portion of southerners, but it would be interesting to find out how many African Americans were lynched during the period before Jim Crow laws became prominent for ‘offenses’ which would later be illegal under Jim Crow. Just as Woodward quoted President Eisenhower as saying â€Å"you cannot change people’s hearts merely by law†(163), so the lack of Jim Crow legislation does not necessarily mean that some southerners wanted it and lived as though it existed. Works Cited: Woodward, C. V. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Works Consulted: C. Vann Woodward. 31 Oct. 2004. Wikipedia. 1 Nov. 2004 .

RE: Letter to the editor Essay

In reply to your letter, I would like to inform you, that the policy regarding the removal of Aboriginal children was not as you stated. As soon as a child was born, they were considered a ward of the state because of their Aboriginality. The policy of Assimilation was established in 1911 for the removal of children from their community to extinguish their culture. This is also known as Genocide, but was not seen that way until the policy was removed in the mid 1960s. Bessy Flower was born in 1943, and taken from her home at 19 months. She was a product of the Assimilation policy. Bessy was removed just the same as most of the other children, pulled obscenely from her mothers arms. She was placed to live in the Annesfield native institution for the next 14 years of her life. Just the same as most of the other Aboriginal children in the homes, she was no longer allowed to make any contact with her family and was subjected to ongoing physical, mental and sexual abuse, malnutrition and humiliation. In some of the institutions the standards of living were degrading just so that the children could have an education and become ‘absorbed’ into the white community, some say it was as if they had been tried to be turned a ‘different shade of white’. The half-caste children were taken under a legislation, which gave guardianship to the protectors in their state of origin. The people that looked after the children once they were removed, once called ‘protectors’, took up the role of paternalism. This gave the parents no right to appeal to the court of law, and the children had no choice in what they did or where they went. After 1940 the children were removed under the general child welfare legislation, but still the way the children were extracted was much the same  as before. Only very gradually did the ritual of separating half-caste children from their homes meet with the general non-Aboriginal practices concerning child abuse and neglect. This came as late as the 1970s, when already tens of thousands of children had been removed. The reason the children were removed was always thought to be for their own benefit, to protect them from themselves, as well as to ‘breed-out’ the Aboriginal race as it was thought that they were less-superior to white people. Some people remember; â€Å"†We were told that our mother was an alcoholic and that she was a prostitute and she didn’t care about us. They used to warn us that when we got older we’d have to watch it because we’d turn into sluts and alcoholics, so we had to be very careful. If you were white you didn’t have that dirtiness in you †¦ It was in our breed, in us to be like that.†Ã¢â‚¬  Although now, there is thought to be not one Aboriginal family that has not been scared by the removal of a child, sibling, niece or nephew. Somewhere between one in three and one in ten children were removed. One in ten is a big number of people to be subjected to the abuse endured, but one in three is preposterous. Some of these children were taken at birth, some at two years of age, some in their childhood years. When the children were removed, they were given a chance at an education that they would never have gotten otherwise. Not all of the children had a horrible up-bringing; some were placed into homes and treated with respect from their foster families. â€Å"†We were all happy together, us kids. We had two very wonderful old ladies that looked after us. It [Colebrook, South Australia] wasn’t like an institution really. It was just a big happy family. Y’know they gave us good teaching, they encouraged us to be no different to anybody else.†Ã¢â‚¬  These children have called themselves the ‘Stolen Generation’. Although all  the State governments in Australia have apologized for the injustice that went on, the Federal Governments still refuse the Aborigines right to an apology or compensation. Bibliography: http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:NldOa-78ca0J:www.ondix.com/pdf/docs/studies_research_college_1071167943.pdf+bessy+flower+1943+assimilation&hl=en&gl=au&ct=clnk&cd=2 Told a story that helped with the insight to the cruelty of what really went on in some people’s lives as an affect of assimilation. http://www.tim-richardson.net/misc/stolen_generation.html Explains clearly the Assimilation policy, and the legislations surrounding it. http://www.hreoc.gov.au/bth/additional_resources/bth_guide/children_experiences.htm Gave some quotes form people that were removed who grew up with good lives, and bad. Documentary watched with Mrs. Hooks class can’t remember what it was called, but it had people explaining just how much they suffered, even when they had a good life to find out what really happened and where their family might have been for the past 70 years. More informative than internet sites because they were proper interviews.

Business Research Ethics Essay

The accounting world is changing constantly and so are the rules that are being set up to protect companies and their assets. There are codes of conduct that accounting offices and their personnel must adhere to and when they are not followed, there can be an ethical challenges that you have to deal with. Users of accounting information perform different types of creative accounting. Some of these practices are ethical and legal and other are not. It is important for a company to set up procedures that check and double check everyone in the accounting department from the clerks to the Controller. There is never a time in any business that someone is allowed to do things without having someone else check on their work. When there is no follow up or checks set in place is when the company finds themselves in trouble. As accountants, we are required to make sure that the work that we produce is accurate, credible and true information. This information is used to help investors and banks to make a good business decision in regard to their credit and investment opportunities. Many times, an accountant will get â€Å"creative† with the numbers to assure just that outcome. The numbers are inflated to show a better financial picture and this will help the company get more money and have the bank invest more in their future. Sometimes, this can go on for a long time without anyone knowing it is all false. Other times, companies get caught. May I remind you of Enron? Over the years stockholders and investors have lost large amounts of money due to false reporting or â€Å"creative† accounting. It is for this reason that the need for restrictions on those practices and find a solution to this problem became necessary. A company that I worked for in the past had to eventually file for bankruptcy because the Executive Board was unaware of what the Controller was doing. Many of us were aware of the incorrect numbers and were not sure how to handle it because we could not really prove that the numbers that he was  reporting were actually wrong. There are procedures in effect that prevent accountants from doing this, but not all companies follow them. This is why auditors are used with many companies. Auditors are there to make sure that all numbers and documents are proven to be correct and that there is no creative accounting or inflated numbers when looking at financial statements. Auditors can also be a deterrent for theft. If there is never a check and balance with an accountant in a company, there can be a greater chance of theft. I know of a company that I worked for suffered a loss of over $50,000 because the Controller was not required to get a second signature on checks under $5,000, so he issued himself eleven checks in the amount of $4,000. He would take the check and record that the check went to a vendor or supplier. When the bank statement was sent to our office, he would do the bank reconciliation, so no one saw the actual cancelled check because he destroyed it. Had there been an auditor that would be checking his work, this never would have continued to happen, they would have found it after the first check. It is important accountants to maintain integrity and avoid questionable situations. There are many things that can be seen as inappropriate. Many times over the years, I have been offered tickets to baseball games, dinners, gift baskets, etc. to use a particular company as a major supplier or to use a certain bank. I never thought much of accepting a gift basket, but I was told by an auditor for our firm that can be misunderstood and never to do that. This is a small scale, many companies have been known to get government contracts or big jobs because of making certain promises. Research has proven to our executives and investors that the only way to make sure that there is no inappropriate behavior by having internal and external auditors to examine the books on a regular basis. Knowing that there are audits completed on a random basis and knowing that those audits are being audited by external companies prevents mishaps, theft and misappropriation of funds. Having a clear set of policies and procedures in place and also having a clear plan of action for employees that do not follow these procedures is a sure way to insure that your company is protected. GAAP (generally accepted accounting practices) defines what is and is not permissible, but it is not infallible. GAAP can be manipulated and subject to interpretation and accountants can commit fraud any time. Eventually, we have to count on good accounting  procedures, our auditors and most importantly, employee ethics and morals to keep everything and everyone in line. REFERENCES Al Momani, M. A., & Obeidat, M. I. (2013). The effect of auditors’ ethics on their detection of creative accounting practices: A field study. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(13), 118-136. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1418426106?accountid=458 Leung, E. C. (2004). Accounting ethics. Business and Society, 43(2), 226-226+. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199387513?accountid=458

Religion and Morality Essay

In this paper I will discuss the relationship between religion and morality. I will first address the question asked by those with religion, how are atheists moral? Then I will examine morality and its relativity to culture. Next I will explore whether those without a religion are actually more moral than those with a religion. And finally, I will discuss any possible objections to my claims. This argument is in no way saying that those that believe in God are unmoral but that those who don’t believe in God, are just as capable of being moral. Being atheist means that you choose to believe that God, or a god, does not exist. You have no faith or religion, you don’t go to church every Sunday morning, or pray every night before you go to bed. Therefore the belief is that you’re condemned to spend the rest of eternity in hell. So just because a person doesn’t believe in a God, does that make them a bad person? A common question of those with religion is, where do atheists get their moral compass from? Atheists aren’t taught by any type of ultimate superior that they can’t lie, cheat, steal, rape, or murder. So how do they know not to do it? The underlying message I interpret from this is: religion is what keeps everybody in the world moral. That the only thing stopping you from murdering someone is reading a Bible (Marcotti, 2011). Just because you don’t have a bible does it mean that you want to go around blowing up buildings and terrorizing grocery stores. It’s safe to assume that most people want to do good in the world. There is the occasional serial killer every once in a while but, the bulk of the world’s population is promoting good that exists in all forms because everybody has a different idea of whats right from wrong. Some people make incredible scientific discoveries to better mankind, that’s considered good. Others might go to countries and help those less fortunate, also good. One might reply that these are just acts of morality. And that they still don’t define a moral person. But if you think about it, nobody’s born with a perfect moral compass. Nobody is born with morals. Not even those that are born into a religion. In our society, when we’re young and we tell a white lie, we learn the consequences. Some are told by their parents, who are told by the Bible, that it is wrong. Others learn that when you deceive people, it can have many effects. Through experience and questioning, do children acquire their sense of right and wrong. Which accompanies them throughout the rest of their lives. In Louise M. Antony’s Philosophers Without Gods, she says that, â€Å"All that is lost, if there is no God, is a divine enforcer. In a world without God, there is no guarantee that the virtuous will ever be rewarded, nor that the vicious will ever be punished. We must do what is right simply because it is right,† (Antony, 2007, pg. 51). Let’s look at morality and religion from a cultural standpoint. â€Å"When used in a descriptive sense [morality] refers to codes of conduct that are actually put forward and accepted by some society, group, or individual,† (Gert, 2012). If you think about it, there are over seven billion people spread out over seven continents in our world. The majority of those people have a religion and believe in a God. But, what about the people that aren’t even exposed to the idea of a God? Let’s say a rural, very secluded tribe in the habitable regions of northeast Asia. Just because they don’t have a religion, would that make them bad people? If they lead a simple life and didn’t steal, lie, commit adultery, or murder, why should they be branded as unmoral for something they have no control over. An excellent insight into Chinese culture and religion is portrayed in the book, The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck. Even though this example is a fictional story, it’s based off of a real culture and the religious views of that culture in the late nineteenth century. The protagonist Wang Lung practices a religion with the Earth. When his crop is well and thriving he pays homage to the Earth God and when his crop is poor he resents the Earth God. At a point in the book, Wang Lung kills his newborn daughter because of her sex. During a time of famine, he steals gold coins from a wealthy family. And after he encounters money and prosperity, he spends his time in a tea house with a concubine instead of with his dying wife (Sparknotes Editors, 2012). But, in this story the main character does feel guilt for the things that he did. Knowing that it wasn’t right, and that it didn’t feel right to kill his newborn child, Wang Lung still did it and the act was perfectly acceptable according to their culture. When he stole the gold from the wealthy, he knew morally that it was wrong but, his family needed the money therefore his motivation was to provide for them. And when he purchased a concubine, Wang Lung was complying with the cultural norm of wealthy Chinese men. Whereas in our culture, and its predominant religion, the idea of adultery and lust is considered unmoral. It is even arguable that those without a religion are more genuinely moral. For example, the Christian religion. The whole belief is that you don’t sin and therefore are rewarded with eternal bliss. If you do sin then you will be forever damned. The motivation for all the good that they are guided to do is to have a better afterlife, selfish isn’t it? Well one who has no religion, has no belief in the afterlife. All the actions and choices that they make in this physical life are all they have. They live for today instead of living for tomorrow, metaphorically. When you do the right thing, like not lie, cheat, steal, then your life will reflect upon that. If you rape someone then our judicial system will lock you up in a concrete cell for a few decades and then you just wasted half of the only life you have. From this you could say that an Atheist has more to lose by not being moral. For this argument, well known atheists, Ricky Gervais said, â€Å"Forgiveness is probably the greatest virtue there is. But that’s exactly what it is - ­ a virtue. Not just a Christian virtue. No one owns being good. I’m good. I just don’t believe I’ll be rewarded for it in heaven. My reward is here and now. It’s knowing that I try to do the right thing. That I lived a good life,† (Gervais, 2010). A possible objection brought upon by these claims would be simply that God made morality and it’s not something we acquire. And for those that have faith in God, in all honesty why should they believe any differently? Their faith is what allows them to believe without having any need for reason, and that is extremely commendable. Many people aren’t capable of providing that much trust in the existence of a supernatural being. In this case, there are two sides to the story and it really does come down to which side you are on. Those that have a religion would say that their morality has come from the teachings of that religion. But, they wouldn’t know any otherwise. Even if they came to religion later in life, the bible provides written, physical guidance. An atheist would have a clean palette, not influenced by any ideas or direction. So the question of their morality is perfectly understandable. Its like saying if I had a candy bar, how could somebody else conjure that candy bar and experience the same sensation of it. In this paper, I explored a few concepts that argue the relationship between religion and morality. First by arguing where morality comes from, I said that it is something that we acquire through society. Next I said that morality is related to the religions amidst a culture. Last, I put forward that those without a religion are actually more moral than those with a religion. I Finished by providing objections and a point of view for those with a religion. The examples from literature that were used supported the claims made in the paragraphs. With these arguments, I believe that the relationship between religion and morality was effectively exposed. That it is not necessary for one to have a religion and be moral. References Antony, L. (2007). Philosophers Without Gods’ . Oxford University Press Gert, Bernard, â€Å"The Definition of Morality†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = . Gervais, Ricky (2010) â€Å"Ricky Gervais: Why I’m an Atheist† The Wall Street Journal [Online] Available at: http://blogs. wsj. com/speakeasy/2010/12/19/a-holiday-message-from-ricky-gervais-why-im-an-atheist/ Marcotte, Amanda (2011) â€Å"10 Myths Many Religious People Hold About Atheists, Debunked† AlterNet [Online] Available at: http://www. alternet. org/story/152395/10_myths_many_religious_people_hold_about_atheists,_debunked SparkNotes Editors. (2003). SparkNote on The Good Earth. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/goodearth/Ã'Ž

Civil Rights Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil Rights Era - Essay Example Before the 1960s, other major nations like the United Kingdom had in various ways permitted higher levels of freedom to the Black community (Mohammed, 2010). Faith Ringgold had used the ‘N’ word in her painting thus to bring attention to the fact that it was high time the so called ‘nigger’ of the United States had his or her own freedom and rights respected. Clearly, the overall meaning of her work could be summed as a protest against racism. Living a fight that had been started by the civil rights movement, Faith Ringgold was more or less adding her voice to the call for the Black American to be respected by virtue of his color and the need to the Black community to be granted as much freedom and justice as the White community. In relation to the documentary, the N Word, which sought to review various meanings associated with the word nigger, one is right to say that the title of ‘Die Nigger’ used by Faith Ringgold was an advocacy call for the negative connotations associated with the word nigger and the personality of the African American, of which the painter was one, as nigger to die (Mohammed, 2010). In the opinion of the painters, the African America did not deserve any more continuation of nigger connotations and so the overall meaning of the painting was for the associated nigger to die once and for all. One unique social structure of the United States that distinguishes it from other major countries and cultures of this world has to do with the kind of identification they give to citizens who are not of original American descent. This identification is in the fact that they want to mention the original origin of the citizen in addition to the word, American. One of such identifications is Mexican-American. Interestingly, this does not end there. In the era prior to the civil rights freedom era, it was generally speculated and notion that Americans refused to give total freedom to the respect of the rights of thes e labeled Americans. In this vain, several civil rights groups sprang up among these labeled Americans who in most cases formed the minority group (Rogers, 2009). The Chicano Movement is one of such popular groups that were instituted to defend the human rights of Mexican-Americans. As a member of the Mexican-American himself, Mel Casas used his talent and profession as a painter to trumpet his side of the message for equality before the law. In support of his move, other famous methods of trumpeting the need for equality sprang up through the use of strange means like cartoon and commercials. PART 2 1. A s far as the representation of the two imagery are concerned, it can be seen that the artist took advantage of the power and authority behind the national flag of the United States to put her message of the need for absolute equality before the law across. It is not surprising therefore that the painting really was done in the image of the United States flag. Imperatively, one nati on that had all its people using the same flag needed to be treated the same but in the opinion of the artists this was not done. She therefore could not help than to use her painting to create the impression that some people among the American society had a different identity by virtue of the treatment they received in the hands of their own people. 2. The first point that confirms that the message in the work of

Tort Law Essay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort Law Essay - Case Study Example It is also necessary for the individual to show that they have suffered damages. The first and critical argument put forward by DURU is that, under the English negligence law, they did not owe a duty of care to Russell. This brings into question the first element of the tort of negligence in that there must be a duty of care before any claim of negligence can be substantiated. The initial notion of duty of care was established in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson1, where it was found that a duty of care should exist, based on the neighbour principle. In this case, a decomposed snail was found in the drinks bottle of the claimant, but there was an argument as to whether or not the manufacturer should be seen as liable, as the claimant had not themselves purchased the bottle. It was found, in this case, that they could be deemed to be negligent and that the claimant would have a claim based on the principle that a duty of care existed to their 'neighbour'. A more modern approach has now been taken by Caparo v Dickman2, where a threefold test was established and it would be this test that DURU would be required to use in forwarding their first defence. In accordance with this case, a threefold test must be passed in order for a duty of care to be established. Therefore, if DURU could show that these are not met, they would rightly be able to rely on the defence that no duty of care existed. The threefold test is as follows: The harm suffered must be deemed 'reasonably foreseeable' as a result of the way in which DURU conducted itself; that there must be a relationship of sufficient proximity between DURU and Russell; and finally that it is 'fair, just and reasonable' for the duty to be imposed on DURU. The test of proximity remains reliant on the test laid out in Donaghue v Stevenson and as stated by Lord Atkin as part of this case. Lord Atkin stated that a duty should be owed to 'persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected'. Other queries have been raised in terms of whether or not it would be reasonable to expect DURU to take some responsibility for the death of Russell. Based on the 2009 Act, DURU has assumed responsibility to provide one to one care in a structured manner to those suffering from drug addiction. In signing Russell up as a patient, a relationship has been established. There is a general concept that there is no positive duty on everyone to undertake certain actions; however, due to the statutory powers given to DURU and the subsequent decision to take Russell on as a client, it is likely to be deemed that a duty of care exists towards Russell, and, for that matter, any other patient taken on by DURU3. Furthermore, the courts are likely to take public policy and interest into account when deciding whether or not a sufficient proximity exists. Based on the underlying reasons for the establishment of DURU and the fact that the organisation has been establis

Monetary Policy of the FED during the Economic Crisis Essay

Monetary Policy of the FED during the Economic Crisis - Essay Example et operations by engaging in aggressive purchase of treasury securities and in December 2008, they extended the operations to the purchase of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities. By the end of 2008, the FED reported to have purchased agency mortgages backed securities worth US $1.25 trillion, and it increased its purchase of agency debt by up to US$ 200 billion. Thirdly, by mid 2009, the FED had purchased long-term treasury securities worth US $300 billion in order to improve the level of liquidity in private credit markets (Brezina, 123-127). The result of the open market operations is demonstrated in the chart below, which show that increase in the purchase of securities resulted in the increase of cash supply in the U.S economy. Figure: Impact of open market operations Reserve requirement In the writings by Timberlake, he stated that the reserve requirement is a method of credit control that is normally applied by the FED to control the money market by determining the level of cash that is available within the economy (89-95). The reserve requirement draws its basis from the fact that commercial banks keep cash reserves with the FED and then this reserve is maintained for the purpose of liquidity and for providing the means for credit control. Brezina stated that as a way of responding to the economic crisis between 2007 and 2009, the FED through the reserve requirement policy decreased the minimum reserve ratio that all commercial bank and other financial institutions offering the service of deposit taking keep at the FED’s reserve (198-202). This action was aimed at increasing the power of credit creation by the commercial banks so that the general economy can access more credit and therefore, plunge out of the economic recession. Discount rate According... This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System, carried out to mitigate the negative impacts of the financial crisis and to restore the economic growth in the United States. The three monetary policies are discussed and they are deemed effective in ensuring the increase in the circulation of money in the general economy, thereby resolving the liquidity crisis and facilitating more economic activities to continue or kick-start. One of the key functions of the Federal Reserve Bank (FED) is the regulation of currency or credit in order to reflect the needs of the business community and the general economy and for the purpose of carrying out the broad monetary policy adopted by the U.S government. Monetary policy is the action of a Central Bank, which influences the size and rate of growth of the money supply. The open market operations as the purchase or the sale of securities that include long-term and short-term in the open market by the FED. The reserve requirement is a method of credit control that is normally applied by the FED to control the money market by determining the level of cash that is available within the economy. The discount rate is the rate at which the FED normally discounts the first class bills or will advance loans to commercial banks. This discount rate affects the cost and availability of credit and in particular, a change in the rate of the discount leads to a corresponding change in the money market rate